This switch-mode power supply is built around a 555 timer IC. It provides a maximum output voltage of 40 V with a 12-V input voltage. The voltage can easily be set using a Zener diode, and i... Read more
The basic application of an Op-Amp is to use it as a voltage comparator. This is open loop operation of Op-Amp. The voltage at the Non-Inverting and Inverting terminals (pins) i.e., V+ and V... Read more
Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation The monostable multivibrator, with the modulating signal at the control voltage terminal, gives pulse width modulation according to the modulating signal. F... Read more
FSK Using 555-Timer The astable multivibrator with selective frequency input gives FSK Frequency Shift Keying. We may manually change the frequency through a potentiometer, but if it has to... Read more
Ramp Signal Generator Using 555-Timer The astable multivibrator with discharge terminal connected to the threshold terminal offers the least resistance during discharge period of the capacit... Read more
VCO Using 555-Timer The Control Voltage terminal of the IC is internally preset at 2/3 Vcc. When the timer is operating in astable mode, if this voltage is altered externally through a poten... Read more
The astable multivibrator can be used as a clock pulse generator for digital ICs like counters. CD 4017 is a decade counter, so ten events can be run in sequence with this IC. Clock pulse ca... Read more
By including a variable resistor in series with the capacitor in the above circuit, frequency can be varied along with the duty ratio. As this resistor is involved in both charging and disch... Read more
Constant frequency PWM Using 555-Timer With the basic astable circuit, the duty ratio cannot be controlled without affecting the frequency. Using the above circuit, it is possible to maintai... Read more
The monostable circuit is modified to re-trigger itself by connecting trigger terminal and threshold terminal. As in the monostable circuit, the output is set during the charging period of a... Read more
