Amplifier Circuit Diagrams

Amplification/Attenuation Selector Schematic Circuit Diagram

A Type TL081 opamp and some passive components are sufficient to construct a small amplifier whose amplification can be varied between +1 and -1 with a potentiometer; see the diagram.

The input signal is applied to both inputs of the opamp, to the inverting input via C1 and R1, and to the non-inverting input via C1 and P1. The amplification of the amplifier is R2: R1 = 1. However, the level of the signal at the +input is determined by the position of the wiper of P1. When the wiper is at the center of its travel, the two input signals cancel each other, so there is no output.When the wiper is at the ‘high end of the potentiometer, the signal at the +input is larger than available, amplified by 1 at the output. When the wiper is at earth potential, the opamp functions as a normal inverting amplifier with unity gain.

The input impedance of the circuit is about 50 k (ohm). With a value of C1 as shown, the amplifier can handle frequencies from 30 Hz upwards.

Amplification-attenuation selector

The circuit requires a power supply of (+,-) 5–15 and draws a current of only a few mA. If such a supply is not available, it may be produced from a single 10–30 V supply, as shown in the diagram.

Attenuation

When an RF signal passes through the RF attenuator or any passive device or cable, the signal gets attenuated or diluted in amplitude. This is known as attenuation. The same has been depicted in Figure 2.

Similar to amplification, attenuation is also measured in dB (decibel). The magnitude of the amount attenuated using the attenuation process by the passive device (i.e., the lossy device) is known as power loss. The power loss (also referred to as insertion loss) is expressed as the ratio of input power to output power.
Power loss (dB) = 10 log (pin/pout).

Amplification

Amplification is the operation of an amplifier, a natural or artificial device intended to make a signal stronger.

An increase in the number of copies of a gene. There may also be an increase in the RNA and protein made from that gene. Gene amplification is common in cancer cells, and some amplified genes may cause cancer cells to grow or become resistant to anticancer drugs.

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