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SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS DIAGRAMS

Simple Electronic: When dealing with signals exceeding 20 kHz frequencies, they are often referred to as ultrasonic waves or ultrasound. Circuits operated by ultrasound commonly use signals at 36 kHz or 40 kHz frequencies. It’s noteworthy that ultrasonic signals cannot penetrate physical obstructions, even if they are transparent.

SIMPLE ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT WITH ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

Due to this, there should be no barrier between the working receiver and the transmitter in the ultrasonic system. The ultrasonic transducers in this application operate at frequencies approximately ranging from 35 kHz to 39 kHz. Using ultrasonic sound, it is feasible to control receivers placed 25-30 meters away.

Simple ultrasound transmitter with an astable multivibrator:

In the circuit depicted in Figure 5.6, the transistors generate a square signal at point A during transmission. The transmitter produces ultrasound at a specific frequency corresponding to the variable voltage generated at point A. By altering the values of R2 or R3, the frequency of the ultrasound emitted by the circuit can be adjusted.

PULSE GENERATOR CIRCUIT WITH PUT

In the circuit diagram, a stable polarizing voltage is applied to the G-end of the PUT using a voltage divider setup involving resistors R1 and R2. The current flowing through the 100 kW resistor (R4) initiates the charging of the capacitor. The PUT starts transmitting when the voltage accumulated on capacitor C exceeds 0.6 V compared to the voltage at the G end. A saw-tooth-like pattern occurs on R3 due to this voltage variation. By adjusting the values of R1 and R2, which provide the polarizing voltage to the G end, the transmission level of the PUT can be configured, making it programmable.

For example, the pulse generator circuit with PUT should be operated with 12 V. If the voltage divider resistors, R1 = R2 = 100 kW. In this case, the polarizing voltage at the G end of PUT is VG = 6 V. As a result, when the capacitor voltage exceeds 6.6 V, PUT starts to transmit pulses on R3.

AUTOMATIC CAPACITIVE STOP WITH TWO THYRISTORS

This technique is employed to deactivate DC-operated thyristor circuits. In the provided circuit, pressing the S1 button triggers SCR1. With SCR1 conducting, capacitor C begins to charge gradually through R2. After some time, pressing the S2 button activates SCR2. When SCR2 is triggered, the electric charge stored on capacitor C passes through SCR2, causing SCR1 to polarize in the opposite direction. This reverse polarization turns off the lamp by interrupting the current flow through SCR1.

LIGHT MODULATOR CIRCUIT

These circuits are designed to synchronize lamp illumination with the intensity of music or audio broadcasts. In the provided example, the resistors and capacitors connected to the G terminal of the three thyristors are configured differently. Consequently, each thyristor triggers at distinct voltage levels. Specifically, SCR1 is activated by bass frequency signals below 400 Hz, SCR2 responds to medium frequency signals ranging from 400 Hz to 2 kHz, and SCR3 is triggered by high frequency signals above 2 kHz.

The thyristors respond according to the frequency signals’ amplitudes from the amplifier. Consequently, the lamps flicker in harmony with the music rhythm, creating an aesthetically pleasing effect. The circuit employs an output transformer from old-style lamp radios. The 4 W transformer ends are linked to the amplifier output, while the 5 kW secondary ends are connected to the electronic circuit. It’s worth noting that more efficient optocoupler models are available today.

MEASURING INDUCTIVE DISTANCE (DISTANCE)

In the provided schematic, moving the magnet back and forth within the coil alters the coil’s inductance and reactance values, consequently modifying the current passing through it. Sensitive integrated circuits detect this change in current, enabling distance measurement through analog or digital displays.

When an op-amp is used with the inductive proximity detector, it generates a current at its lower end upon detecting a metal object. This current, in turn, produces a voltage across the R1 resistor, causing a shift in the op-amp’s output voltage level.

DRIVE CIRCUIT FOR FOUR-COIL (PHASE) STEP MOTOR

The 555 integrated circuit generates ring waveform pulses in the drive circuit, which are then utilized by the ring integrator 4017. This configuration operates various circuits such as the coil drive circuit, motor drive circuit, square wave motor, and step motor drive.

USING TRANSISTORS AS A SET RESISTOR (RHEOSTAT)

Large power receivers traditionally utilize high-current and bulky body rheostats for current adjustment. Yet, these rheostats occupy significant space and consume additional energy. Alternatively, circuits based on potentiometers and transistors offer superior current control. In the provided circuit, adjusting the value of P alters the triggering current in the gas tube, thereby adjusting the current from C to E and effectively controlling the power of L.

SIMPLE CIRCUIT THAT SENSES THE HUMIDITY OF THE SOIL

In this circuit, two wires, designed to detect moisture, are inserted into the soil for measurement. When the soil’s humidity rises, the lamp illuminates. The circuit’s sensitivity can be fine-tuned by connecting a trimpot in series.

ALARM CIRCUIT WITH WIRE BREAK

Diagram of the breakdown alarm circuit

When the thin wire is disconnected in the alarm circuit, the current, which initially flowed through the collector of T1, now passes through T2. T2 triggers the relay, activating it. The alarm initiates when the relay closes the contact.

TOUCH-OPERATED LAMP CIRCUIT WITH TWO TRANSISTORS

When touching the metal plates indicated by AB in the touch lamp circuit with the finger, the current passing through the leather transmits the transistors T1 and T2 and the lamp illuminates.

SIMPLE INFRARED TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT WITH ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

The transistors in the circuit generate a square-shaped signal at point A during transmission. This signal at point A causes the infrared diode to emit a beam at a specific frequency. The frequency of the emitted infrared LED beam can be adjusted using the variable resistor P.

ALARM CIRCUIT WITH GAS SENSOR

When the rate of gas in the circuit increases, the current of the gas sensor increases. The voltage thyristor on the 1kW pot is driven and the relay operates and activates the desired receiver. The relay continues to operate even if the amount of gas in the environment decreases. Because, as is known, when the thyristors are operated with DC, they are continuously transmitted when they are triggered.

PLATINUM ELECTRONIC IGNITION CIRCUIT

Platinum electronic ignition system: In the circuit given in Figure 1.23, switching the platinum on and off turns on the transistor electronic circuit. Namely; When the platinum contact is closed, this element will be activated as the minus (-) signal will be transmitted to the end of the PNP transistor.

When T1 is switched on, the voltage generated on the R3 drive the NPN transistor. When the T2 transistor is switched on, there is a current transition from the primary winding of the induction coil. Since the PNP and NPN transistors will be cut when the platinum contact is opened, the current passing through the induction coil is reduced from the maximum value to zero. This process continues continuously, creating a high voltage in the secondary winding of the induction coil.

In the given circuit, since the circuit has a very small baseline flow, this element can be operated without distortion for too long. Note: The circuit is for experimental purposes. Some elements have been ignored to facilitate understanding.

Electronic circuit diagrams were extracted from various sources (pdf, doc etc.) shared on the internet and transferred to the site. Thanks to the people who prepared the work.

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